References

Central bibliography for The Sandusky Dyslipidemia Model. References are numbered sequentially and cited throughout the clinical documents.

Table of Contents

Guidelines

  1. 2026 ACC/AHA/Multisociety Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2026.

  2. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082–e1143.

Risk Assessment

  1. Khan SS, Matsushita K, Sang Y, et al. Development and validation of the American Heart Association’s PREVENT equations. Circulation. 2024;149(6):e430–e449.

  2. Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments. Circulation. 2018;138(1):e1–e34.

LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk

  1. Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459–2472.

  2. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.

  3. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–1297.

Apolipoprotein B

  1. Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(12):1287–1295.

  2. Mora S, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Discordance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with alternative LDL-related measures and future coronary events. Circulation. 2014;129(5):553–561.

  3. Boren J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–2330.

Lipoprotein(a)

  1. Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3925–3946.

  2. Tsimikas S, Fazio S, Ferdinand KC, et al. NHLBI Working Group recommendations to reduce lipoprotein(a)-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(2):177–192.

  3. O’Donoghue ML, Rosenson RS, Gencer B, et al. Small interfering RNA to lower lipoprotein(a) in cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(20):1855–1864.

  4. Raal FJ, Giugliano RP, Sabatine MS, et al. Reduction in lipoprotein(a) with PCSK9 monoclonal antibody evolocumab (OSLER-2). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):569–578.

Coronary Artery Calcium

  1. Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2019;140(16):e565–e579.

  2. Budoff MJ, Young R, Burke G, et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(25):2401–2408.

  3. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15(4):827–832.

  4. McClelland RL, Chung H, Detrano R, et al. Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2006;113(1):30–37.

Advanced Lipid Testing

  1. Otvos JD, Mora S, Shalaurova I, et al. Clinical implications of discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle number. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(2):105–113.

  2. Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC, Otvos JD. Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab Med. 2006;26(4):847–870.

Coronary CT Angiography

  1. Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, et al. Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(4):337–346.

Statin Therapy

  1. Newman CB, Preiss D, Tobert JA, et al. Statin safety and associated adverse events: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39(2):e52–e81.

  2. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):735–742.

  3. Wood FA, Howard JP, Finegold JA, et al. N-of-1 trial of a statin, placebo, or no treatment to assess side effects (SAMSON). N Engl J Med. 2020;383(22):2182–2184.

  4. Banach M, Rizzo M, Toth PP, et al. Statin intolerance — an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(1):1–23.

  5. Rosenson RS, Miller K, Bayliss M, et al. The Statin-Associated Muscle Symptom Clinical Index (SAMS-CI): revision for clinical use. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31(2):179–186.

  6. Backes JM, Venero CV, Gibson CA, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of every-other-day rosuvastatin dosing in patients with prior statin intolerance. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(3):341–346.

Ezetimibe

  1. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes (IMPROVE-IT). N Engl J Med. 2015;372(25):2387–2397.

PCSK9 Inhibitors

  1. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (FOURIER). N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–1722.

  2. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ODYSSEY Outcomes). N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107.

  3. Raal FJ, Stein EA, Dufour R, et al. PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (RUTHERFORD-2). Lancet. 2015;385(9965):331–340.

  4. Nissen SE, Stroes E, Dent-Acosta RE, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of evolocumab vs ezetimibe in patients with muscle-related statin intolerance (GAUSS-3). JAMA. 2016;315(15):1580–1590.

Inclisiran

  1. Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, et al. Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol (ORION-10 and ORION-11). N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1507–1519.

Bempedoic Acid

  1. Nissen SE, Lincoff AM, Brennan D, et al. Bempedoic acid and cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients (CLEAR Outcomes). N Engl J Med. 2023;388(15):1353–1364.

Icosapent Ethyl

  1. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia (REDUCE-IT). N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):11–22.

  2. Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, et al. Effect of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events (STRENGTH). JAMA. 2020;324(22):2268–2280.

Niacin

  1. AIM-HIGH Investigators. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(24):2255–2267.

  2. HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):203–212.

Fibrates

  1. Jacobson TA. Myopathy with statin–fibrate combination therapy: clinical considerations. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(9):507–518.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

  1. Defesche JC, Gidding SS, Harada-Shiba M, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17093.

  2. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(45):3478–3490a.

  3. Knowles JW, Rader DJ, Khoury MJ. Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia and the use of genetic testing. JAMA. 2017;318(4):381–382.

  4. Langsted A, Kamstrup PR, Benn M, et al. High lipoprotein(a) as a possible cause of clinical familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(5):377–386.

Secondary Dyslipidemia

  1. Duntas LH, Brenta G. The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism. Med Clin North Am. 2012;96(2):269–281.

  2. Taskinen MR, Boren J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(2):483–495.

  3. Vaziri ND. Disorders of lipid metabolism in nephrotic syndrome: mechanisms and consequences. Kidney Int. 2016;90(1):41–52.

  4. Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H, et al. The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2017;71:17–32.

Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk

  1. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease (CANTOS). N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119–1131.

Lifestyle

  1. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts (PREDIMED). N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34.

  2. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–2028.

Version History

Version Date Description
1.0.0 2026-03-30 Initial release

© 2026 The Sandusky Dyslipidemia Model. For clinical decision support only. Not a substitute for clinical judgment.